The More We Grow, the Poorer We Become
This article was published in the September 2018 Public Management (PM) magazine published by the International City/County Management Association (icma.org). It is republished here with permission.
As a young engineer, I remember sitting in a city council meeting where a senior colleague presented my analysis on the massive backlog of road maintenance the community was facing.
My estimation was that the city's capital budget needed to be increased by five times just to keep from falling further behind. To me, this felt like a total disaster! There was no way that kind of budget increase was ever going to happen, especially given the long list of other needs the city was facing. And I knew that the obvious question of reckoning must be coming: How did we get to this point?
My colleague soberly reviewed the numbers and then deftly shifted the conversation into a discussion on funding. The city could raise taxes—which, of course, no one was recommending. Better not to be the one to open that book, since everyone in the room understands how that story ends.
There was hope that the state and federal governments might come up with some solution, especially since so many places are in the same situation. Hope, in this instance, is sort of like the feeling people have when their team is down three scores with the clock running out. We all know success is highly unlikely, but remember that one game...?
Hope is a powerful thing. It tempts us to justify growth protections that don't make sense. It convinces us to dole out subsidies we can't afford. It seduces us into taking on debt we'll never be able to pay back. I call these things—growth projections, subsidies, and debt—the Holy Trinity of Decline.
We hope new growth will provide more revenue. Our desperation—although we would rather call it “commitment”—is such that we’re prepared to subsidize that growth into existence, if need be. And when all else fails, we tell ourselves we can handle a cash shortfall (which we hope is temporary, given that we’re investing in growth) by taking on debt.
To my dismay, the presentation ended without a reckoning. The hard question was never asked, and so the uncomfortable reality was never explored. Still, at some point over the coming days, I was certain that nearly everyone in attendance would ponder it.
That hard question? “How did this happen?”
Local Governments Face a Looming Insolvency Crisis
The people who work at ratings agencies largely believe that municipal debt is as close as an investor can get to risk-free. This holds even in states like Illinois, New Jersey, and California, where pensions are a blinking red light on the dashboard of every budget projection. The consensus belief is that, since widespread municipal defaults have not happened since the Great Depression, they are not likely to happen in the future.
“Nearly every local government in the United States is currently defaulting on their obligations to their taxpayers... But of course, no local government would ever say that.”
There is a lot missing in that narrative. The first is that nearly every local government in the United States is currently defaulting on their obligations. Local governments make all kinds of promises—to properly maintain infrastructure, to adequately fund pensions, to staff police and fire departments—that they are failing to keep.
Failing to meet these obligations is a sort of soft default. Unlike a “hard” debt default, these soft defaults are explained away as public policy choices: "We’re not defaulting on our road maintenance obligations; we’re making a policy choice to defer road maintenance to pay for (insert other priority here) instead!"
This kind of rationalization ignores that our capacity to pay debts and our capacity to keep other promises are connected. Both rely on local government tapping into the wealth of the community. Whatever combination of property, sales, and income tax is used, there must be capacity there to pay. You can’t tax what’s not there. As public obligations grow, private wealth within the community must keep pace. Yet our accounting rules and practices completely ignore this reality.
Infrastructure is a Liability, Not an Asset
When a community builds a new road, that piece of infrastructure comes with a future obligation for maintenance. Local officials can estimate, with a good degree of precision, when that obligation will come due and roughly how much it will cost. In normal accounting terminology, that would be considered a future liability. In the magical world of municipal accounting, however, that road is labeled an asset.
Never mind that it can’t be sold or transferred, and never mind that it carries a future maintenance obligation, it’s counted on the asset side of the ledger. Standard accounting practices state that the more roads a community has to maintain and the more future promises it makes, the richer it is.
Simultaneously, these same rules give no consideration to the wealth being created or not. That new road can serve 100 million dollars of property or a tax-exempt forest; it’s all the same on the community’s balance sheet.
If this sounds incoherent, it is.
National economic policy since the Great Depression has focused on growth and employment, not on the broad creation of wealth. In the words of Czech economist Tomas Sedlacek, we’ve been willing to “sacrifice stability to achieve growth.”
Local governments can’t function this way, not over the long run. They can’t take on more and more promises without generating enough wealth to meet those obligations. Not without a reckoning.
The False Allure of “Shiny and New” Growth
Consider a common North American development scenario, one that played out in my hometown of Brainerd, Minnesota. Two identically sized blocks are separated by a third. They are in the same neighborhood and on the same thoroughfare. They are the same size and have the same amount of public infrastructure and maintenance cost.
Total value of the Old and Blighted block: $1,104,000. Total value of the Shiny and New block: $618,000.
The westerly block I’ve labeled “Old and Blighted.” It was erected in the 1920s, back when neighborhoods were built incrementally over time. When these buildings were constructed, this was the far edge of town. They were small investments that, if things worked out, could be expanded and improved as the community grew. There would not have been any public infrastructure when these were built; theoretically, that would come later, when the neighborhood reached a level of maturity that justified the ongoing public expense.
What you see demonstrated in the Old and Blighted block is the way that civilizations have been building for thousands of years: They begin with nothing, but with time and effort, they end up creating something. Historically, this is the first building block of a successful place.
Contrast this with the easterly block, which I’ve labeled “Shiny and New.” This block used to look like the Old and Blighted block, but the community worked to get those buildings torn down and replaced by a new drive-through taco restaurant. Not only did this transaction remove blighted properties, but the new site met all the city’s policy objectives. It fully conformed with the zoning code, including setbacks, lot coverage, and sign placement. It eliminated the on-street parking, allowing traffic to flow more smoothly. It even provided green space and some stormwater retention capacity.
By nearly every measurable objective, the Shiny and New block appears more desirable than the Old and Blighted block. There is one significant measurement, however, where it falls short: wealth. The Old and Blighted block has a total annual taxation value of $1,104,000. The Shiny and New block has a total value of $618,000.
That decrepit, old block the community would love to have razed is worth 80 percent more than the modern block. It pays 80 percent more property tax to the community. And not only does the Old and Blighted block outperform financially by a significant margin, it does so at the same cost to the taxpayer.
This illustration shows the growth in population, feet of pipe, and fire hydrants in the city of Lafayette, Louisiana, between 1949 and 2015. While the population has increased only 3.5 times since 1949, the amount of water infrastructure for the city has grown many times larger. Meanwhile, the median household income for the city has increased by only 1.6 times according to U.S. Census figures. This math simply doesn’t add up.
This is a pattern we see repeated everywhere across North America.
A Simple Math Problem: Revenues Minus Expenses
Modern accounting practices can obfuscate the underlying math that local governments face. But in reality, the math equation for a local government is fairly straightforward: when we make a public infrastructure investment, it must generate enough private wealth to pay for the ongoing replacement and repair of that infrastructure. If that investment is not generating that wealth, then it will have to be subsidized by a more financially productive part of the system.
If the private wealth generated by a collection of properties does not yield enough tax revenue to maintain the infrastructure that serves those properties, then that maintenance either won’t happen, or the money will—one way or another—have come from somewhere else.
Analyses of new developments suggest that a minimum of $20 in private wealth is needed to sustain, for the long term, each dollar of public infrastructure investment. A ratio of 40:1 would provide an optimal buffer for future uncertainty. Yet, when we examine modern North American localities, it is common to find ratios of 1:1 or worse. That is, in the current development pattern, it takes one dollar of public infrastructure investment to create one dollar of private wealth. That’s a formula for economic disaster.
“To make our communities financially strong and resilient, we must increase our wealth without increasing our expenses. Instead of focusing on new growth, we need to obsess about making more productive use of that which we’ve already built.”
We used to build infrastructure with more of an eye to long-term costs. Consider a municipal sewer system. Pre-depression systems tended to rely on gravity flow, which is extremely cheap once the pipe is installed. Properties of that period tend to be skinny and deep, minimizing the amount of pipe needed per connection (or, said another way, maximizing the amount of private wealth per foot of public obligation). Good urban design would place buildings on higher ground with treatment facilities downhill, a setup with a lower financial burn rate.
Today, designers generally don’t worry about the public’s return-on-investment. Private lots are wide and shallow, spread out with a lot of gaps in between. Pumps, which are expensive to operate, maintain and replace, are commonly used to provide service to marginal properties. This is all expensive, and while the initial construction costs are often covered by a developer and rolled into the sale price of the home, taxpayers assume the burden of providing ongoing service and maintenance. Yet, despite the large discrepancy in public cost, a residential home on a remote lot with a dozen pumps to get its sewage to a treatment facility will be charged the same as the home on the narrow lot with gravity flow all the way.
With decades of building in this new style—everything spread out across the landscape—the costs are enormous yet the comparative wealth is marginal. Our communities are bigger, yet financially less productive. We have grown our tax base, but our expenses have grown even more. This is not working.
A Strong Towns Approach
Our current approach to local infrastructure produces more liabilities than it does revenues. In other words, the more we grow, the poorer we become. While that growth may improve a city or county’s short-term cash flow, it destroys its long-term solvency.
We need something different. We need a Strong Towns approach.
It all gets back to that simple math problem. To make our communities not just solvent but financially strong and resilient, we must increase our wealth without increasing—and perhaps even by decreasing—our expenses. Instead of focusing on new growth, we need to obsess about making more productive use of that which we’ve already built.
That’s not a modest tweak in approach but a radical revolution in how we plan, manage, and inhabit our cities, counties, and neighborhoods. It calls for a different relationship between local government and residents, between management professionals and the communities they serve. It requires that the priorities of the state and federal governments to boost economic growth and lower unemployment become subordinate to the essential requirement that local governments remain financially viable.
A strong country is the byproduct of having strong communities and neighborhoods, not a substitute for it.
There is no clear road map for this revolution. No nation in history has systematically transformed the development pattern of an entire continent, within a single generation, changing everything about how we make a living, transact with each other, fall in love, make collaborative decisions, keep the peace, and perform other social functions. We find ourselves operating without universal answers to the complex problems communities and neighborhoods face. At Strong Towns, we seek to discover rational ways to respond to these challenges.
Here is our approach:
Rely on small, incremental investments (little bets) instead of large, transformative projects.
Emphasize resiliency of result over efficiency of execution.
Design to adapt to feedback.
Inspire by bottom-up action (chaotic but smart) and not top-down systems (orderly but dumb).
Seek to conduct as much of life as possible at a personal scale.
Obsess about accounting for revenues, expenses, assets, and long-term liabilities (do the math).
The Strong Towns movement is growing. We have thousands of members around the world, including elected officials, management professionals, and many other people who share a passion for building great places. These people are working collaboratively to make their communities and neighborhoods as strong as they can be.
(Top image source: ICMA.)
Charles Marohn—known as “Chuck” to friends and colleagues—is the founder and president of Strong Towns. He is a land use planner and civil engineer with decades of experience. He holds a bachelor’s degree in civil engineering and a Master of Urban and Regional Planning, both from the University of Minnesota.
Marohn is the author of Strong Towns: A Bottom-Up Revolution to Rebuild American Prosperity (Wiley, 2019) and Confessions of a Recovering Engineer: Transportation for a Strong Town (Wiley 2021). He hosts the Strong Towns Podcast and is a primary writer for Strong Towns’ web content. He has presented Strong Towns concepts in hundreds of cities and towns across North America.